Sources: Protective Factors

Berg, Mark T. and Beth M. Huebner (2011). Reentry and the ties that bind: An examination of social ties, employment, and recidivism. Justice Quarterly 28(2): 382-410.

Bhuller, Manudeep, Gordon B. Dahl, Katrine V. Løken and Magne Mogstad (2020). Incarceration, recidivism, and employment. Journal of Political Economy 128(4): 1269-1324.

Coupland, Richard B.A. and Mark E. Olver (2020). Assessing protective factors in treated violent offenders: Associations with recidivism reduction and positive community outcomes. Psychological Assessment, 32(5): 493-508.

Drawve, Grant and Susan McNeeley (2021). Recidivism and community context: Integrating the environmental backcloth. Journal of Criminal Justice, 73: 101786.

Fontaine, Jocelyn and Jennifer Biess (2012). Housing as a Platform for Formerly Incarcerated Persons. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.

Han, Woojae and Allison D. Relich (2016). The impact of community treatment on recidivism among mental health court participants. Psychiatric Services, 67(4): 384-390.

Harding, David J., Jessica J.B. Wyse, Cheyney Dobson and Jeffrey D. Morenoff (2014). Making ends meet after prison. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33(2): 440–470.

Jacobs, Leah A. and Aaron Gottlieb (2020). The effect of housing circumstances on recidivism: Evidence from a sample of people on probation in San Francisco. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47(9): 1097–1115.

Kendall, Sacha, Sarah Redshaw, Stephen Ward, Sarah Wayland and Elizabeth Sullivan (2018). Systematic review of qualitative evaluations of reentry programs addressing problematic drug use and mental health disorders amongst people transitioning from prison to communities. Health and Justice, 6(4): 1-11.

Lai, Ijun, Jillian Stein, Christian Geckeler and Ellie Pasternack (2022). Common Indicators of Recidivism Used in Program and Policy Evaluations. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica and Social Policy Research Associates.

McGuire, James, Charlotte A.L. Bilby, Ruth M. Hatcher, Clive R. Hollin, Juliet Hounsome and Emma J. Palmer (2008). Evaluation of structured cognitive–behavioural treatment programmes in reducing criminal recidivism. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 4: 21-40.

Pelletier, Emily and Douglas Evans (2019). Beyond recidivism: Positive outcomes from higher education programs in prisons. Journal of Correctional Education, 70(2): 49-68.

Tong, L.S. Joy and David P. Farrington (2006). How effective is the “Reasoning and Rehabilitation” programme in reducing reoffending? A meta-analysis of evaluations in four countries. Psychology, Crime & Law, 12(1): 3-24.

Tripodi, Stephen J., Johnny S. Kim and Kimberly Bender (2010). Is employment associated with reduced recidivism? The complex relationship between employment and crime. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(5): 706–720.

Wilson, David B., Catherine A. Gallagher and Doris L. MacKenzie (2000). A meta-analysis of corrections-based education, vocation, and work programs for adult offenders. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37(4): 347-368.

Wilson, David B., Leana Allen Bouffard and Doris L. MacKenzie (2005). A quantitative review of structured, group-oriented, cognitive-behavioral programs for offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32(2): 172-204.